Encoding Archives - IEEE Transactions on Quantum Engineering

Unified and Generalized Approach to Entanglement-Assisted Quantum Error Correction

May 11, 2026Priya J. Nadkarni, Serge Adonsou, Guillaume Dauphinais, David W. Kribs, Michael VasmerEarly Access, Open AccessAlgorithms, Codes, Construction, Decoding, Distance measurement, Encoding, Error correction, Generators, Matrices, Qubit

Abstract: We introduce a framework for entanglement-assisted quantum error correcting codes that unifies the three original frameworks for such codes called entanglement-assisted quantum error correction, entanglement-assisted operator quantum error correction, and entanglement-assisted classical enhanced quantum error correction under a single umbrella. As a consequence, new types of entanglement-assisted codes are identified and constructed. The unification […]

QATNet: A Lightweight Quantum-Classical Tabular Network for Low-Latency Intrusion Detection

March 24, 2026Abubakar Danasabe, Muhammad Afaq, Aiman El-Maleh, Ajmal Khan, Sami El Ferik, Zeeshan KaleemEarly Access, Open AccessAccuracy, Adaptation models, Computational modeling, Encoding, Feature extraction, Intrusion detection, Pipelines, Principal component analysis, Quantum circuit, Real-time systems

Abstract: Modern communication environments ranging from smart mobility infrastructures to digitally integrated healthcare systems demand adaptable and trustworthy network security. In this situation, Software-Defined Networks (SDNs) play a vital role by providing programmable control and global visibility, enabling rapid policy updates and fine-grained traffic management. As a result, the need for efficient and interpretable intrusion […]

Encoder Circuit Optimization for Nonbinary Quantum Error Correction Codes in Prime Dimensions: An Algorithmic Framework

March 2, 2026Aditya Sodhani, Keshab K. ParhiQuantum InformationCodes, Encoding, Galois fields, Hardware, Hilbert space, Logic gates, Quantum system, Qubit, Urban areas, Vectors

Abstract: Quantum computers are a revolutionary class of computational platforms with applications in combinatorial and global optimization, machine learning, and other domains involving computationally hard problems. While these machines typically operate on qubits—quantum information elements that can occupy superpositions of the basis |0⟩ and |1⟩ states—recent advances have demonstrated the practical implementation of higher dimensional […]

Differential Phase Encoded Plug-and-Play Measurement-Device-Independent Quantum Key Distribution

February 16, 2026Nilesh Sharma, Shashank Kumar Ranu, Prabha Mandayam, Anil PrabhakarQuantum InformationDetectors, Encoding, Frequency modulation, Interference, Laser beams, Mirrors, Phase measurement, Protocols, Quantum key distribution, Security

Abstract: Measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution (MDI-QKD) enhances security by removing vulnerabilities associated with detector side channels. Real-world implementations ofMDI-QKD face practical challenges, such as channel asymmetry and physical imperfections, which degrade the visibility of Hong–Ou–Mandel interference, an essential factor in determining the secure key rate. In this work, we evaluate the performance of differential phase […]

Integrated Encoding and Quantization to Enhance Quanvolutional Neural Networks

December 18, 2025Daniele Lizzio Bosco, Beatrice Portelli, Giuseppe SerraQuantum ComputingConvolutional neural networks, Encoding, Image coding, Integrated circuit modeling, Logic gates, Neural networks, Quantization (signal), Quantum circuit, Quantum state, Qubit

Abstract: Image processing is one of the most promising applications for quantum machine learning. Quanvolutional neural networks with nontrainable parameters are the preferred solution to run on current and near future quantum devices. The typical input preprocessing pipeline for quanvolutional layers comprises of four steps: optional input binary quantization, encoding classical data into quantum states, […]

Binary Tree Block Encoding of Classical Matrix

October 23, 2025Zexian Li, Xiao-Ming Zhang, Chunlin Yang, Guofeng ZhangQuantum ComputingBinary trees, Encoding, Logic gates, Measurement, Multiplexing, Protocols, Quantum circuit, Quantum state, Qubit, Sparse matrices

Abstract: State preparation and block encoding are essential subroutines in quantum computing. The former provides basic encoding of quantum states, while the latter transforms classical data into a matrix representation within a quantum circuit. Some quantum advantages are built on the assumption that the block-encoding subroutine has been compiled in the quantum circuit, and this […]

Quantum Direct-Sequence Spread-Spectrum CDMA Communication Systems: Mathematical Foundations

April 15, 2025Mohammad Amir Dastgheib; Jawad A. Salehi; Mohammad RezaiQuantum InternetCommunication systems, Electro-optic modulators, Encoding, Interference, Modulation, Multiaccess communication, Photonics, Quantum communication, Quantum entanglement, Quantum mechanics

Abstract: This article describes the fundamental principles and mathematical foundations of quantum direct-sequence spread-spectrum code division multiple-access communication systems. The evolution of quantum signals through the quantum direct-sequence spread-spectrum multiple-access communication system is carefully characterized by a novel approach called the decomposition of creation operators. In this methodology, the creation operator of the transmitted quantum […]

Two-Step Quantum Search Algorithm for Solving Traveling Salesman Problems

March 6, 2025Rei Sato, Cui Gordon, Kazuhiro Saito, Hideyuki Kawashima, Tetsuro Nikuni, Shohei WatabeQuantum ComputingComplexity theory, Costs, Encoding, Heuristic algorithms, Optimization, Quantum algorithm, Quantum circuit, Search problems, Traveling salesman problems, Urban areas

Quantum search algorithms, such as Grover’s algorithm, are anticipated to efficiently solve constrained combinatorial optimization problems. However, applying these algorithms to the traveling salesman problem (TSP) on a quantum circuit presents a significant challenge. Existing quantum search algorithms for the TSP typically assume that an initial state—an equal superposition of all feasible solutions satisfying the […]

Explicit Quantum Circuit for Simulating the Advection–Diffusion–Reaction Dynamics

February 21, 2025Claudio Sanavio, Enea Mauri, Sauro SucciQuantum ComputingComputational fluid dynamics, Convergence, Encoding, Logic gates, Logistics, Mathematical models, Polynomials, Quantum algorithm, Quantum circuit, Qubit

We assess the convergence of the Carleman linearization of advection–diffusion–reaction (ADR) equations with a logistic nonlinearity. It is shown that five Carleman iterates provide a satisfactory approximation of the original ADR across a broad range of parameters and strength of nonlinearity. To assess the feasibility of a quantum algorithm based on this linearization, we analyze […]

Variational Quantum Algorithms for Differential Equations on a Noisy Quantum Computer

January 20, 2025Niclas Schillo, Andreas SturmQuantum ComputingComputers, Differential equations, Encoding, Hardware, Logic gates, Noise measurement, Quantum algorithm, Quantum cascade lasers, Quantum circuit, Qubit

The role of differential equations (DEs) in science and engineering is of paramount importance, as they provide the mathematical framework for a multitude of natural phenomena. Since quantum computers promise significant advantages over classical computers, quantum algorithms for the solution of DEs have received a lot of attention. Particularly interesting are algorithms that offer advantages […]