Quantum Internet Archives - IEEE Transactions on Quantum Engineering

Fidelity-Aware Multipath Routing for Multipartite State Distribution in Quantum Networks

July 14, 2025Evan Sutcliffe; Alejandra BeghelliQuantum InternetNoise measurement, Performance evaluation, Probabilistic logic, Quantum entanglement, Quantum networks, Qubit, Routing, Routing protocols, Stars, Steiner trees

Abstract: We consider the problem of distributing entangled multipartite states across a quantum network with improved distribution rate and fidelity. For this, we propose fidelity-aware multipath routing protocols, assess their performance in terms of the rate and fidelity of the distributed Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger (GHZ) states, and compare such performance against that of single-path routing. Simulation results […]

Quantum Direct-Sequence Spread-Spectrum CDMA Communication Systems: Mathematical Foundations

April 15, 2025Mohammad Amir Dastgheib; Jawad A. Salehi; Mohammad RezaiQuantum InternetCommunication systems, Electro-optic modulators, Encoding, Interference, Modulation, Multiaccess communication, Photonics, Quantum communication, Quantum entanglement, Quantum mechanics

Abstract: This article describes the fundamental principles and mathematical foundations of quantum direct-sequence spread-spectrum code division multiple-access communication systems. The evolution of quantum signals through the quantum direct-sequence spread-spectrum multiple-access communication system is carefully characterized by a novel approach called the decomposition of creation operators. In this methodology, the creation operator of the transmitted quantum […]

Optimized Distribution of Entanglement Graph States in Quantum Networks

March 17, 2025Xiaojie Fan, Caitao Zhan, Himanshu Gupta, C. R. RamakrishnanQuantum InternetAtom optics, Fans, Logic gates, Optical devices, Optical network units, Quantum computing, Quantum entanglement, Quantum networks, Qubit, Tree graphs

Building large-scale quantum computers, essential to demonstrating quantum advantage, is a key challenge. Quantum networks can help address this challenge by enabling the construction of large, robust, and more capable quantum computing platforms by connecting smaller quantum computers. Moreover, unlike classical systems, quantum networks can enable fully secured long-distance communication. Thus, quantum networks lie at […]

Qubit Rate Modulation-Based Time Synchronization Mechanism for Multinode Quantum Networks

February 17, 2025Marc JofreQuantum InternetAerospace electronics, Clocks, Frequency synchronization, Protocols, Quantum networks, Qubit, Real-time systems, Synchronization, Time-frequency analysis, Timing

The combination of quantum and telecommunication networks enables to revolutionize the way information is used, offering unparalleled capabilities and making it an ideal choice for many critical applications. In this sense, quantum protocols generally have a unique requirement to have strict time synchronization in order to operate, which generally consume quantum resources of part of […]

Entanglement Routing in Quantum Networks: A Comprehensive Survey

February 11, 2025Amar Abane, Michael Cubeddu, Van Sy Mai, Abdella BattouQuantum InternetComputer architecture, Quantum channels, Quantum entanglement, Quantum repeaters, Repeaters, Reviews, Routing, Routing protocols, Surveys, Topology

Entanglement routing in near-term quantum networks consists of choosing the optimal sequence of short-range entanglements to combine through swapping operations to establish end-to-end entanglement between two distant nodes. Similar to traditional routing technologies, a quantum routing protocol uses network information to choose the best paths to satisfy a set of end-to-end entanglement requests. However, in […]

Security and Fairness in Multiparty Quantum Secret Sharing Protocol

January 29, 2025Alessio Di Santo, Walter Tiberti, Dajana CassioliQuantum InternetAuthentication, Cryptography, Fault tolerance, Fault tolerant systems, Network topology, Protocols, Quantum networks, Routing, Scalability, Topology

Quantum secret sharing (QSS) is a cryptographic protocol that leverages quantum mechanics to distribute a secret among multiple parties. With respect to the classical counterpart, in QSS, the secret is encoded into quantum states and shared by a dealer such that only an authorized subsets of participants, i.e., the players, can reconstruct it. Several state-of-the-art […]

Quantum Two-Way Protocol Beyond Superdense Coding: Joint Transfer of Data and Entanglement

January 10, 2025Kristian S. Jensen, Lorenzo Valentini, René B. Christensen, Marco Chiani, Petar PopovskiQuantum InternetEncoding, Metadata, Photonics, Proposals, Protocols, Quantum channels, Quantum entanglement, Qubit, Repeaters, Throughput

In this article, we introduce a generalization of one-way superdense coding to two-way communication protocols for transmitting classical bits by using entangled quantum pairs. The proposed protocol jointly addresses the provision of entangled pairs and superdense coding, introducing an integrated approach for managing entanglement within the communication protocol. To assess the performance of the proposed […]

Convexification of the Quantum Network Utility Maximization Problem

December 30, 2024Sounak Kar, Stephanie WehnerQuantum InternetMeasurement, Optimization, Quality of service, Quantum networks, Repeaters, Resource management, Routing protocols, Sufficient conditions, Topology, Vectors

Network utility maximization (NUM) addresses the problem of allocating resources fairly within a network and explores the ways to achieve optimal allocation in real-world networks. Although extensively studied in classical networks, NUM is an emerging area of research in the context of quantum networks. In this work, we consider the quantum network utility maximization (QNUM) […]

TAQNet: Traffic-Aware Minimum-Cost Quantum Communication Network Planning

November 28, 2024Ilora Maity, Junaid ur Rehman, Symeon ChatzinotasQuantum InternetAttenuation, Costs, Genetic algorithms, Heuristic algorithms, Optical attenuators, Optical fiber networks, Planning, Power demand, Quantum channels, Quantum communication

Quantum key distribution (QKD) provides a secure method to exchange encrypted information between two parties in a quantum communication infrastructure (QCI). The primary challenge in deploying a QCI is the cost of using optical fibers and trusted repeater nodes (TRNs). Practical systems combine quantum and classical channels on the same fiber to reduce the cost […]

FPGA-Based Synchronization of Frequency-Domain Interferometer for QKD

November 27, 2024Nishanth Chandra, Pradeep Kumar KrishnamurthyQuantum InternetClock synchronization, field-programmable gate array (FPGA), frequency-coded quantum key distribution (FC-QKD), GTX transceiver, Quantum communication, quantum cryptography, quantum key distribution (QKD)

In this article, we propose and experimentally demonstrate a novel synchronization method for quantum key distribution (QKD) systems. The method consists of maximizing the visibility of frequency-domain interference of optical sidebands about an optical carrier at the receiver node. The sidebands are generated by phase modulation of the optical carrier by an radio-frequency (RF) signal […]