Routing Archives - IEEE Transactions on Quantum Engineering

Fidelity-Aware Multipath Routing for Multipartite State Distribution in Quantum Networks

July 14, 2025Evan Sutcliffe; Alejandra BeghelliQuantum InternetNoise measurement, Performance evaluation, Probabilistic logic, Quantum entanglement, Quantum networks, Qubit, Routing, Routing protocols, Stars, Steiner trees

Abstract: We consider the problem of distributing entangled multipartite states across a quantum network with improved distribution rate and fidelity. For this, we propose fidelity-aware multipath routing protocols, assess their performance in terms of the rate and fidelity of the distributed Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger (GHZ) states, and compare such performance against that of single-path routing. Simulation results […]

Entanglement Routing in Quantum Networks: A Comprehensive Survey

February 11, 2025Amar Abane, Michael Cubeddu, Van Sy Mai, Abdella BattouQuantum InternetComputer architecture, Quantum channels, Quantum entanglement, Quantum repeaters, Repeaters, Reviews, Routing, Routing protocols, Surveys, Topology

Entanglement routing in near-term quantum networks consists of choosing the optimal sequence of short-range entanglements to combine through swapping operations to establish end-to-end entanglement between two distant nodes. Similar to traditional routing technologies, a quantum routing protocol uses network information to choose the best paths to satisfy a set of end-to-end entanglement requests. However, in […]

Security and Fairness in Multiparty Quantum Secret Sharing Protocol

January 29, 2025Alessio Di Santo, Walter Tiberti, Dajana CassioliQuantum InternetAuthentication, Cryptography, Fault tolerance, Fault tolerant systems, Network topology, Protocols, Quantum networks, Routing, Scalability, Topology

Quantum secret sharing (QSS) is a cryptographic protocol that leverages quantum mechanics to distribute a secret among multiple parties. With respect to the classical counterpart, in QSS, the secret is encoded into quantum states and shared by a dealer such that only an authorized subsets of participants, i.e., the players, can reconstruct it. Several state-of-the-art […]

BeSnake: A Routing Algorithm for Scalable Spin-Qubit Architectures

July 17, 2024Nikiforos Paraskevopoulos, Carmen G. Almudever, Sebastian FeldQuantum ComputingComputer architecture, Logic gates, Quantum circuit, Qubit, Routing, Task analysis, Topology

As quantum computing devices increase in size with respect to the number of qubits, two-qubit interactions become more challenging, necessitating innovative and scalable qubit routing solutions. In this work, we introduce beSnake, a novel algorithm specifically designed to address the intricate qubit routing challenges in scalable spin-qubit architectures. Unlike traditional methods in superconducting architectures that […]

Multiobjective Optimization and Network Routing With Near-Term Quantum Computers

April 16, 2024Shao-Hen Chiew, Kilian Poirier, Rajesh Mishra, Ulrike Bornheimer, Ewan Munro, Si Han Foon, Christopher Wanru Chen, Wei Sheng Lim, Chee Wei NgaQuantum ComputingApproximation algorithms, Computers, Numerical simulation, Optimization, Quantum computing, Routing, Shortest path problem

Multiobjective optimization is a ubiquitous problem that arises naturally in many scientific and industrial areas. Network routing optimization with multiobjective performance demands falls into this problem class, and finding good quality solutions at large scales is generally challenging. In this work, we develop a scheme with which near-term quantum computers can be applied to solve […]

On the Bipartite Entanglement Capacity of Quantum Networks

February 16, 2024Gayane Vardoyan, Emily van Milligen, Saikat Guha, Stephanie Wehner, Don TowsleyQuantum InternetCapacity planning, Multiplexing, Probabilistic logic, Quantum entanglement, Quantum networks, Routing, Topology

We consider the problem of multipath entanglement distribution to a pair of nodes in a quantum network consisting of devices with nondeterministic entanglement swapping capabilities. Multipath entanglement distribution enables a network to establish end-to-end entangled links across any number of available paths with preestablished link-level entanglement. Probabilistic entanglement swapping, on the other hand, limits the […]

Multiuser Entanglement Distribution in Quantum Networks Using Multipath Routing

November 2, 2023Evan SutcliffeRegularPerformance evaluation, Protocols, Quantum entanglement, Quantum networks, Qubit, Routing, Topology

Quantum networks facilitate numerous applications including secure communication and distributed quantum computation by performing entanglement distribution. For some multiuser quantum applications, access to a shared multipartite state is required. We consider the problem of designing protocols for distributing such states, at an increased rate. For this, we propose three protocols that leverage multipath routing to […]

Machine-Learning-Based Qubit Allocation for Error Reduction in Quantum Circuits

August 4, 2023Travis LeCompteQuantum Computing, UncategorizedIntegrated circuit reliability, Layout, Logic gates, Qubit, Reliability, Resource management, Routing

Quantum computing is a quickly growing field with great potential for future technology. Quantum computers in the current noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) era face two major limitations:1) qubit count and 2) error vulnerability. Although quantum error correction methods exist, they are not applicable to the current size of computers, requiring thousands of qubits, while current […]

DQRA: Deep Quantum Routing Agent for Entanglement Routing in Quantum Networks

November 2, 2022Linh LeOpen Access, Quantum InternetNeural networks, Quantum entanglement, Quantum networks, Qubit, Repeaters, Routing, Teleportation

Quantum routing plays a key role in the development of the next-generation network system. In particular, an entangled routing path can be constructed with the help of quantum entanglement and swapping among particles (e.g., photons) associated with nodes in the network. From another side of computing, machine learning has achieved numerous breakthrough successes in various […]

A Connection-Oriented Entanglement Distribution Design in Quantum Networks

November 2, 2022Jian LiOpen Access, Quantum InternetProtocols, Quality of service, Quantum entanglement, Quantum networks, Qubit, Routing, Teleportation

Quantum networks create a completely new way for communication, and the most important function of a quantum network is to generate long-distance quantum entanglement to serve a number of quantum applications. As the scale of the network expands, in order to establish end-to-end entanglement between two remote nodes, entangled pairs need to be generated and […]